Alteration in kynurenine pathway metabolites in young women with autoimmune thyroiditis.

The kynurenine pathway (KP) of tryptophan degradation includes several compounds that reveal immunomodulatory properties. The present study aimed to investigate the alteration in KP metabolites in young women with autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) and their associations with thyroid function. The thyroid function tests, antithyroid antibodies measurement and ultrasonography of the thyroid gland have been performed in 57 young women with AIT and 38 age-matched healthy controls. The serum levels of tryptophan, kynurenine (KYN) and its metabolites were determined, and the activity of KP enzymes was calculated indirectly as product-to-substrate ratios. KP was activated and dysregulated in AIT, along with significantly elevated levels of KYN and anthranilic acid (AA), at the expense of the reduction of kynurenic acid (KYNA), which was reflected by the increase in the AA/KYNA ratio (p < 0.001). In univariate and multiple regression analyses, peripheral deiodinase (SPINA-GD) activity in AIT was positively associated with KYNA, AA, and quinolinic acid (QA). The merger of AA, AA/KYNA ratio, QA and SPINA-GD exhibited the highest sensitivity and specificity to predict AIT (p < 0.001) in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. In conclusion, the serum KYN metabolite profile is dysregulated in young women with AIT and could serve as a new predictor of AIT risk.

Serum expression levels of selected microRNAs and their association with glucose metabolism in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with metabolic disturbances, such as insulin resistance and prediabetes, and the risk for their occurrence is especially increased in hyperandrogenic (HA) phenotypes of PCOS. Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) may be involved in PCOS pathogenesis and regulation of metabolic processes. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess expression levels of selected circulating miRNAs in women with PCOS and to investigate the relationship of these miRNAs with glucose metabolism. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 95 patients with HA­PCOS and 76 healthy women similar to the study group in age and body mass index. Measurements of sex hormone concentrations, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and transvaginal ultrasonography were performed. Serum levels of selected miRNAs (miR­27a, miR­34a, miR­106b, miR­193b, miR­181a, miR­181b, and miR­320) were assessed with real­time polymerase chain reaction, and their association with PCOS and glucose metabolism parameters was studied. RESULTS: Serum levels of all studied miRNAs, except for miR­34a, differed between the patients with HA­PCOS and healthy women (all P <0.05). In HA­PCOS, miR­27a and miR­320 levels correlated with fasting glucose (R = 0.33; P = 0.001 and R = -0.35; P <0.001, respectively) and insulin concentrations (R = 0.26; P = 0.01 and R = -0.23; P = 0.03, respectively). Additionally, the level of miR­27a correlated with mean glucose concentration during OGTT (R = 0.26; P = 0.01). No such correlations were observed in the healthy women. In linear regression analyses, both miR­27a and miR­320 were associated with fasting glucose concentrations after adjustment for potentially confounding factors in the HA­PCOS group only. CONCLUSIONS: The expression profile of circulating miRNAs is altered in patients with HA­PCOS. Circulating miR­27a and miR­320 could serve as potential biomarkers of glucose metabolism disturbances in PCOS.

Unraveling the Interplay between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents: Pathogenesis, Prevalence, and Management Strategies.

BACKGROUND With the expanding understanding of conditions contributing to heightened cardiovascular risk, emerging pathologies like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are being recognized as hepatic and ovarian manifestations of metabolic syndrome, respectively. This study aims to elucidate the recent advancements in our comprehension of the link between these conditions in the pediatric demographic, focusing on pathogenesis, incidence, diagnostic methods, and effective therapeutic strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines, with a search of the PubMed database for eligible studies published in the ten years leading up to January 2023. RESULTS Out of 23 reports based on 16 original studies, we found a significantly higher prevalence of NAFLD in adolescents with PCOS compared to healthy controls. Factors such as increased de novo lipogenesis, alterations in gut microbiota, and a deficiency in growth differentiation factor-15 have been implicated in their pathogenesis. Additionally, novel biomarker S100A4, a clinical prediction score for hepatic steatosis in PCOS, and pharmacotherapy involving low-dose spironolactone, pioglitazone, and metformin have been proposed to enhance the management of these conditions. CONCLUSIONS A meticulous approach to the prevention, detection, and treatment of NAFLD in adolescents with PCOS is paramount to mitigate further complications. The study underlines the need for ongoing research to refine our understanding and management of these interconnected metabolic disorders.

Elevated Serum Concentration of Adipocyte Fatty Acid-Binding Protein Correlates with the Markers of Abdominal Obesity Independently of Thyroid Hormones in Non-Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein (A-FABP) is mainly expressed in adipocytes. The risk of abdominal obesity and autoimmune thyroid disease is increased in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). The objective of this study was to explore the relationship of serum concentration of A-FABP with parameters of obesity, e.g., waist to hip ratio (WHR) and the amount of adipose tissue assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and thyroid hormone homeostasis in women with PCOS. We examined 66 women with PCOS and 67 healthy women. Serum concentrations of A-FABP and thyroid hormones were measured; the FT3/FT4 ratio, thyroid-stimulating hormone index (TSHI), thyrotrope thyroxine resistance index (TT4RI) and thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI) were calculated. In the PCOS group, serum concentrations of A-FABP, FT3 and the FT3/FT4 ratio were significantly higher in comparison to the control group (all p < 0.05). A correlation of A-FABP with WHR (r = 0.26, p = 0.04) and the percentage of adipose tissue (r = 0.33, p = 0.01) has been found only in women with PCOS. We observed no correlation between serum levels of A-FABP and TSHI, TT4RI or TFQI in women with PCOS (all p > 0.05). Our results indicate that A-FABP is an adipokine that may be connected with abdominal obesity independently of thyroid hormone homeostasis in PCOS patients.

Body Composition and Serum Anti-Müllerian Hormone Levels in Euthyroid Caucasian Women With Hashimoto Thyroiditis.

Objective: Women with Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) are characterized by increased incidence of infertility and disturbances in body composition. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which reflects functional ovarian reserve, is decreased in women with HT and it be related to body mass. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between serum levels of AMH and body composition in HT compared to control group. Patients and Methods: We examined 85 euthyroid women: 39 subjects with HT and 46 control women. Body composition was analysed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and with bioimpedance method. Serum concentrations of AMH, leptin, TSH, thyroid hormones were assessed. Results: We observed lower serum concentration of AMH in women with HT in comparison to the control group (p=0.01), but without differences in serum concentration of leptin between studied groups (p=0.28). Women with HT were characterized by higher %body fat (p=0.01) estimated with bioimpedance method without differences in BMI, android and gynoid fat mass and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass estimated with DXA method when compared to the control group (all p>0.05). We found a negative relationship between serum concentration of AMH and %body fat (r=-0.38,p=0.03) in women with HT. Additionally, in HT group, the relationship between serum levels of AMH and leptin was not statistically significant (r=0.01,p=0.96). We observed a relationship between serum concentration of leptin and BMI, %body fat mass, android, gynoid and VAT mass in HT and in the control group (all p<0.01). Conclusions: Women with HT are characterized by lower levels of AMH and it is associated with higher fat mass, independently of serum levels of leptin.

The Influence of Prepubertal Onset of Type 1 Diabetes and Age of Menarche on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Diagnosis.

CONTEXT: Higher prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is linked to exogenous insulin, especially when diabetes is diagnosed before puberty. OBJECTIVE: The study evaluates the impact of prepubertal onset of T1DM and insulin therapy on PCOS diagnosis and phenotypic characteristics in women with T1DM. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: We studied 83 women with T1DM (age 26 ± 5 years, BMI 24 ± 3 kg/m2) 36 with premenarchal (PM) onset of T1DM [17 with PCOS diagnosed (PCOS+PM) and 19 without PCOS (noPCOS+PM)] and 47 women with postmenarchal onset of T1DM [24 with PCOS (PCOS-noPM) and 23 without PCOS (noPCOS-noPM)]. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Clinical examination, assessment of serum sex hormones, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and ultrasonographic evaluation of the ovaries were performed in all women. RESULTS: Applying Rotterdam criteria, 49% of women with T1DM were diagnosed with PCOS. There were no differences in hormonal profile and ovarian parameters between PCOS+PM and PCOS-noPM. Women with T1DM+PM had higher insulin dose/24 h and U/kg bw/24 h than T1DM-noPM (P-values = 0.014 and 0.001, respectively). Both PCOS+PM and noPCOS+PM groups had higher insulin dose U/kg bw/24 h in comparison to PCOS-noPM (P-values = 0.004 and = 0.006, respectively). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, age of menarche [odds ratio (OR): 0.672; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.465-0.971] and HbA1c (OR: 0.569; 95% CI: 0.383-0.846) were associated with the diagnosis of PCOS. CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in the prevalence of PCOS between T1DM+PM and T1DM-noPM; however, earlier menarche might have an influence on PCOS diagnosis in women with T1DM.

Metabolic syndrome and the risk of cardiovascular complications in young patients with different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome.

PURPOSE: Insulin resistance is an important factor in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which is associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular complications. Early atherosclerotic lesions may be diagnosed by ultrasonographic parameters: brachial artery flow-mediated dilation after reactive hyperaemia (FMD) and intima-media thickness of common carotid artery (IMT). The aim of the study was to assess the relation of IMT and FMD with clinical and laboratory parameters reflecting metabolic status in young women with different PCOS phenotypes. METHODS: The study included 154 PCOS patients diagnosed with the Rotterdam criteria, divided into four phenotypes, and 113 healthy women. Laboratory analyses, transvaginal ultrasound, and IMT and FMD measurements were conducted. MetS was diagnosed with International Diabetes Federation/American Heart Association (IDF/AHA) consensus criteria. RESULTS: MetS was more prevalent in PCOS patients than healthy women (14.29 vs. 5.31%; p = 0.019), with highest prevalence in phenotypes I and II (p = 0.039). IMT and FMD did not differ between PCOS patients and the controls, nor between the PCOS phenotypes. PCOS patients with MetS presented lower FMD than other PCOS patients (p = 0.018). In women with PCOS, FMD correlated with glucose and insulin concentrations in the fasting state (R = -0.33, p = 0.002; R = -0.23, p = 0.026) and at 2 h of OGTT (R = -0.29, p = 0.006; R = -0.26, p = 0.014). In patients with phenotype I, correlations were found between IMT and BMI (R = 0.45, p = 0.006) and between FMD and fasting glucose concentrations (R = -0.46, p = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic disturbances and the diagnosis of MetS in patients with PCOS, especially in hyperandrogenic phenotypes, might be associated with alterations in IMT and FMD.

The Association of Serum Levels of Leptin and Ghrelin with the Dietary Fat Content in Non-Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are at an increased risk of developing insulin resistance and abdominal obesity in the state of an improper diet balance. Leptin is a peptide considered to be a satiety hormone that plays an important role in the long-term energy balance, whereas ghrelin is a hormone that controls short-term appetite regulation and is considered a hunger hormone. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between serum leptin and ghrelin concentrations and the dietary macronutrient content in PCOS women. We examined 73 subjects: 39 women diagnosed with PCOS by the Rotterdam criteria and 34 healthy controls, matched by the body mass index. The subjects completed a consecutive three-day dietary diary to identify the macronutrient and micronutrient intake. Serum concentrations of leptin and total ghrelin were measured and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. The studied groups did not differ significantly in terms of the intake of macronutrients (proteins, fats, and carbohydrates) and serum concentrations of ghrelin and leptin (all p > 0.05). In the PCOS group, the serum leptin concentration positively correlated with the intake of total fat (r = 0.36, p = 0.02), total cholesterol (r = -0.36, p = 0.02), saturated fatty acids (r = 0.43, p < 0.01), and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (r = 0.37, p = 0.02), whereas the serum ghrelin concentration correlated in an inverse manner with the intake of total fat (r = -0.37, p = 0.02), MUFA (r = -0.37, p = 0.02), polyunsaturated fatty acids (r = -0.34, p = 0.03), and long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (r = -0.38, p = 0.02). In this group, we also found a negative association of HOMA-IR with serum ghrelin levels (r = -0.4, p = 0.03) and a positive relationship with the serum leptin concentration (r = 0.5, p < 0.01) and relationships between HOMA-IR and total dietary fat (r = 0.38, p = 0.03) and MUFA (r = 0.35, p = 0.04) intake. In PCOS women, dietary components such as the total fat and type of dietary fat and HOMA-IR are positively connected to serum leptin concentrations and negatively connected to serum ghrelin concentrations, which may influence the energy balance.

Type B insulin resistance syndrome associated with connective tissue disease and psoriasis.

SUMMARY: Type B insulin resistance syndrome (TBIR) is characterised by the rapid onset of severe insulin resistance due to circulating anti-insulin receptor antibodies (AIRAs). Widespread acanthosis nigricans is normally seen, and co-occurrence with other autoimmune diseases is common. We report a 27-year-old Caucasian man with psoriasis and connective tissue disease who presented with unexplained rapid weight loss, severe acanthosis nigricans, and hyperglycaemia punctuated by fasting hypoglycaemia. Severe insulin resistance was confirmed by hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamping, and immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated AIRAs, confirming TBIR. Treatment with corticosteroids, metformin and hydroxychloroquine allowed withdrawal of insulin therapy, with stabilisation of glycaemia and diminished signs of insulin resistance; however, morning fasting hypoglycaemic episodes persisted. Over three years of follow-up, metabolic control remained satisfactory on a regimen of metformin, hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate; however, psoriatic arthritis developed. This case illustrates TBIR as a rare but severe form of acquired insulin resistance and describes an effective multidisciplinary approach to treatment. LEARNING POINTS: We describe an unusual case of type B insulin resistance syndrome (TBIR) in association with mixed connective tissue disease and psoriasis. Clinical evidence of severe insulin resistance was corroborated by euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp, and anti-insulin receptor autoantibodies were confirmed by immunoprecipitation assay. Treatment with metformin, hydroxychloroquine and methotrexate ameliorated extreme insulin resistance.

Ovarian Reserve and Serum Concentration of Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in Euthyroid Women With Different Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotypes.

Objective: It has been shown that women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as well as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), are characterized by increased incidence of infertility. Serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), which reflects ovarian reserve, is elevated in PCOS women and is decreased in women with HT. The Rotterdam criteria recognize four clinical PCOS phenotypes, i.e., phenotypes A, B, C, and D. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between serum concentrations of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAbs) and ovarian reserve in different PCOS phenotypes. Patients and methods: We examined 141 women with PCOS [phenotype A was diagnosed in 67 (47.5%) women, phenotype B in 30 (21.3%), phenotype C in 28 (19.9%), and phenotype D in 16 (11.3%)] and 88 control subjects of similar age; all women were euthyroid. Serum concentrations of AMH, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid hormones, and TPOAbs were assessed. Results: We observed positive serum TPOAbs in 21.9% women with PCOS and in 23.9% controls (p = 0.07). We did not find differences in the frequency of detection of positive serum TPOAbs between phenotypes A, B, and C and the control group (p > 0.05). We did not observe a difference in AMH levels between TPOAbs-positive and TPOAbs-negative women, both in the control group and the PCOS women (all p > 0.05). However, serum AMH concentration was markedly higher in the whole PCOS group (p < 0.01) and in phenotype A (p < 0.01) vs. controls when the serum concentration of TPOAbs was negative. In the groups with positive serum levels of TPOAbs, serum concentration of AMH did not differ between PCOS phenotypes and controls (p = 0.23). Additionally, we observed that serum AMH concentration was related to the level of TPOAbs in the PCOS group (r = -0.4, p = 0.02). Conclusions: The frequency of serum detection of positive TPOAbs did not differ between PCOS phenotypes with clinical/biochemical hyperandrogenism and the control group. The observation of the difference in serum AMH between the PCOS and control groups only in TPOAbs negative women together with the inverse relation of TPOAbs with serum AMH only in the PCOS group might suggest that ovarian reserve is influenced by TPOAbs in PCOS.

Body Composition, Serum Concentrations of Androgens and Insulin Resistance in Different Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Phenotypes.

Insulin resistance and hyperandrogenemia observed in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are associated with metabolic disturbances and could be connected with body composition pattern. To date, several studies defining the parameters of body composition using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) method in the group of PCOS patients have been published, however, without the analysis in different phenotypes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between serum androgens concentration, insulin resistance and distribution of fat mass using DXA method in various PCOS phenotypes according to the Rotterdam criteria. We examined 146 women: 34 (38%) had PCOS phenotype A, 20 (23%) phenotype B, 20 (23%) phenotype C and 15 (16%) phenotype D (with mean age of each phenotype 25 years), and 57 control subjects (mean age of 25.5 years). Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Serum concentrations of testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were assessed and free androgen index (FAI) was calculated. In phenotypes A, B and C, we observed higher FAI in comparison to the control group (all p < 0.01). Serum concentrations of androstenedione and DHEA-S were higher in phenotypes A and C in comparison to the control group (all p < 0.01). However, only in phenotype A we found higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and android/gynoid ratio (A/G ratio) in comparison to the control group (all p < 0.01). In phenotype A, we observed connection of VAT with FAI (r = 0.58, p < 0.01). Accordingly, A/G ratio was related with FAI in all phenotypes (all p < 0.05). Additionally, in phenotype C, A/G ratio was related to serum concentrations of DHEA-S and androstenedione (r = 0.46, p = 0.03; r = 0.53, p = 0.01, respectively). We also found connections of HOMA-IR with VAT and A/G ratio in all phenotypes (all p < 0.05). Women with phenotype A had higher amount of VAT and A/G ratio in comparison to the control group. Serum concentration of androgens and insulin resistance are connected with VAT and A/G ratio in normoandrogenic and hyperandrogenic PCOS phenotypes.

Increased serum fetuin-B concentration is associated with HOMA-ß and indices of liver steatosis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: PCOS women are characterized by insulin resistance and have higher tendency to the development of hepatic steatosis. Fetuin-B has been introduced as a hepatokine/adipokine, which is increased in hepatic steatosis and may be connected with glucose metabolism disturbances. The aim of the study was to evaluate the relationships between serum fetuin-B concentration and indices of insulin resistance, insulin secretion and markers of liver steatosis in PCOS women in comparison to the control group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group included 108 women - 57 women with PCOS and 51 women matched for age and BMI as a control group. Serum concentration of fetuin-B was estimated. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment ß cell function (HOMA-ß) were calculated. Fatty liver index (FLI), lipid accumulation product (LAP) and visceral adiposity index (VAI) were used as markers of liver steatosis. RESULTS: We found higher serum concentration of fetuin-B and FLI in PCOS women in comparison to the control group (all P < 0.05). We observed a positive relationship between serum fetuin-B concentration and HOMA-ß (r = 0.43, P = 0.01), HOMA-IR (r = 0.31, P = 0.01), FLI (r = 0.29, P = 0.02), VAI (r = 0.29, P = 0.02) and LAP (r = 0.32, P = 0.01) in PCOS women. We also noticed a relationship between HOMA-IR and FLI (r = 0.42, P = 0.01), VAI (r = 0.38, P = 0.004) and LAP (r = 0.41, P = 0.001) in this group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that HOMA-ß (ß = 0.39, P = 0.002) and LAP (ß = 0.27, P = 0.02) were independently connected with serum fetuin-B levels in women with PCOS. CONCLUSIONS: Serum fetuin-B levels are higher in women with PCOS and are independently connected with HOMA-ß and hepatic steatosis.

Decreased deiodinase activity after glucose load could lead to atherosclerosis in euthyroid women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Glucose and lipid disturbances, as well as higher tendency to atherosclerosis, are observed in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Thyroid hormones action has long been recognized as an important determinant of glucose and lipid homeostasis. Some studies suggest that even in euthyroid subjects, thyroid function may affect atherosclerosis risk factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between thyroid hormonal status and glucose and lipid profile before and after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in PCOS women in comparison to the control group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group included 98 women-60 women with PCOS and 38 women matched for age and BMI as a control group. OGTT with estimation of plasma glucose and lipids, as well as serum insulin and thyroid hormones (TH) concentrations was performed. Activity of peripheral deiodinases at baseline (SPINA-GD1) and at the 120 min of OGTT (SPINA-GD2) was calculated according to the formula by Dietrich et al. as a measure of T4-T3 conversion efficiency. Delta GD was estimated as SPINA-GD1-SPINA-GD2, and delta fT3 was calculated as a difference between fT3 before and after OGTT. RESULTS: We did not find differences in TH, SPINA-GDs, and plasma lipid concentrations between PCOS and control group before and after OGTT. Glucose load resulted in a decrease of level TSH, TC, TG, HDL-C, and LDL-C concentrations in women with PCOS, as well as in the control group (all p < 0.05). We found that GD (p = 0.01) and serum fT3 concentration (p = 0.0008) decreased during glucose load only in the PCOS group. We observed a positive relationship between delta fT3 and plasma TG concentration (r = 0.36, p = 0.004), delta GD and plasma TG concentration after glucose load (r = 0.34, p = 0.007), only in the PCOS group. We also found negative relationship between SPINA-GD2 and plasma TC concentration (r = -0.29, p = 0.02) after glucose load and positive relationship between delta GD and insulin at the 60 min of OGTT (r = 0.29, p = 0.02), only in the PCOS women. CONCLUSIONS: These data showed insufficient conversion of fT4 to fT3, as well as a relationship of SPINA-GDs with insulin, TC and TG in PCOS women after glucose load. It may suggest that disturbances in deiodinase activity after glucose load might promote atherosclerosis in PCOS women.

The Association Between Serum Ferritin Concentration and Visceral Adiposity Estimated by Whole-Body DXA Scan in Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Objective: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are characterized by insulin resistance and higher prevalence of obesity. Serum ferritin is increased in obesity and is associated with insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationships between serum ferritin concentration with insulin resistance and body composition estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in PCOS women in comparison to the control group. Patients and Methods: One hundred four women were enrolled to the study-65 women with PCOS and 39 women matched for age and BMI as a control group. Serum ferritin concentration and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were performed. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. DXA was performed to estimate fat, fat-free mass, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Results: Women with PCOS have higher serum concentration of ferritin (p = 0.002), insulin at baseline (p = 0.03), at 60 min of OGTT (p = 0.01), at 120 min of OGTT (p = 0.004), HOMA-IR (p = 0.03), and VAT (p = 0.0001) in comparison to the control group. We observed a relationship of serum ferritin with insulin concentration at baseline (r = 0.25, p = 0.04) and at 120 min of OGTT (r = 0.31, p = 0.01) and with HOMA-IR (r = 0.30, p = 0.01) in the PCOS group. We noticed an association between serum ferritin concentration and VAT (r = 0.42, p = 0.001), trunk fat mass (r = 0.25, p = 0.04), and android fat mass (r = 0.25, p = 0.04) in the PCOS group. Multiple regression analysis revealed that ferritin (p = 0.02, ß = 0.17), insulin at baseline (p = 0.001, ß = 0.30), glucose at the 120 min of OGTT (p = 0.007, ß = 0.26), and triglycerides (p = 0.001, ß = 0.33) were independent predictors of VAT amount in PCOS women. Conclusions: Elevated serum ferritin concentration is connected with insulin resistance as well as with DXA-estimated VAT, android, and trunk fat mass in PCOS women, and could be a marker of metabolic dysfunction.

Association between polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of subclinical vascular disease in normal­weight women with type 1 diabetes.

INTRODUCTION    The prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) is higher than in the general population. Both diseases are associated with higher risk of premature atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVES    The aim of our study was to evaluate whether the cardiovascular risks conferred by T1DM and PCOS are additive. PATIENTS AND METHODS   The study group included 78 women divided into 4 groups: 19 women with PCOS and T1DM (T1DM+PCOS), 16 women with T1DM only (T1DM/no­PCOS), 27 women with PCOS only(PCOS), and 16 healthy women (control group). We evaluated the serum concentrations of cardiovascular disease biomarkers: soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM­1) and soluble endothelial­leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (sE­selectin). We also assessed brachial artery flow­mediated dilation (FMD) and estimated the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery (CIMT) by ultrasonography. RESULTS    The serum concentrations of sICAM­1and sE­selectin were higher in the T1DM+PCOS group compared with women with PCOS only (P = 0.041 and P = 0.002, respectively) and were comparable to those in the T1DM/no­PCOS group. FMD and CIMT did not differ between the groups. In women with T1DM, sICAM­1 positively correlated with body mass index (r = 0.34, P = 0.047), CIMT with daily insulin dose (r = 0.37, P = 0.039), and FMD negatively correlated with diabetes duration (r = -0.42, P = 0.02). In a multivariable logistic regression model, the presence of T1DM, with adjustment for sICAM­1, was the only predictor of sE­selectin concentrations in the whole study group (odds ratio, 8.03; 95% confidence interval, 2.56-13.49; P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS    The presence of PCOS does not increase the risk of subclinical vascular disease in young lean women with T1DM.

Serum Concentrations of Betatrophin and Its Association with Indirect Indices of Insulin Resistance and Beta Cell Function in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Data underline the role of betatrophin in glucose homeostasis. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by insulin resistance (IR). The aim of our study was to investigate the relationship of serum betatrophin concentrations with indirect indices of IR and insulin secretion in women with PCOS, compared to the control group. METHODS: The study group comprised 43 women with PCOS and 16 controls. IR was assessed by HOMA-IR and Matsuda index. Insulin secretion was evaluated with HOMA-B. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with estimation of serum betatrophin concentrations was performed. RESULTS: Glucose load resulted in an increase in serum betatrophin concentrations in the control group (p = 0.02). Serum betatrophin concentrations at 120 min of OGTT were lower in women with PCOS than in the control group (p = 0.02). We observed positive correlations between baseline serum betatrophin concentrations and HOMA-IR (r = 0.39, p = 0.008), negative correlations with Matsuda index (r = -0.31, p = 0.004), and a positive relationship with HOMA-B (r = 0.38, p = 0.01) in women with PCOS. Multiple regression analysis revealed that HOMA-B (ß = 0.47, p = 0.001) was an independent factor connected to serum betatrophin levels in PCOS. CONCLUSIONS: Serum concentrations of betatrophin are connected with insulin resistance and beta cell function and did not change after glucose load in women with PCOS.

Anti-Müllerian hormone and polycystic ovary syndrome.

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein, a member of the transforming growth factor ß family, reflecting the number of ovarian antral follicles. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy predisposing to infertility, and metabolic and cardiovascular complications. In our review, we discuss the role of AMH in PCOS pathophysiology and its clinical applications according to the published studies. Improvement of AMH assay validity will allow the clinical utility of this valuable biomarker to be widened. (Endokrynol Pol 2017; 68 (1): 74-78).